Could You Have Prediabetes?
Just as pre-cancer may be detected and removed before turning into cancer , discovery of diabetes in its earliest stages can help prevent the development of full-blown diabetes. That, in a nutshell, is the idea behind the term prediabetes (also called impaired glucose tolerance).
Blood sugar levels that are higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes are classified as prediabetes. Evidence indicates that people with prediabetes can take steps to return their blood sugar levels to a normal range. This can prevent or delay complications that are linked to diabetes.
How Serious Is the Problem?
If you have prediabetes, then you are at risk for type 2 diabetes and other serious conditions, like heart attack and stroke .
Other long-term health problems can result if you do not have good control over your blood sugar levels. Complications related to type 2 diabetes include but are not limited to:
- Blindness
- Impotence
- Kidney disease
- Nerve disease
- Loss of limbs
What Are the Risk Factors?
Being overweight is a risk factor for prediabetes and diabetes. Weight loss, even a few pounds, can “cure” prediabetes or reduce the chance of the condition turning into type 2 diabetes. Obesity and diabetes make your body cells less sensitive to the effects of insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. This allows blood sugar levels to rise over time and can result in long-term damage to your body.
This is an especially important risk factor for Americans since many are overweight. African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders descent may be at an even higher risk.
How Do You Detect Prediabetes?
Prediabetes and diabetes can be diagnosed with a simple blood test. During a routine office visit, your doctor can order tests, such as:
- Fasting plasma glucose test
—You will fast overnight and have your blood glucose measured in the morning before eating. Your results may be read as follows:
- Normal: 60-100 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL)
- Prediabetes: 101-125 mg/dL
- Diabetes: 126 mg/dL or above
-
Oral glucose tolerance test
—You will fast overnight and have your blood glucose measured after the fast. Then you will drink a sugary drink and have your blood glucose measured two hours later. Results two hours after the drink are usually as follows:
- Normal: below 140 mg/dL
- Prediabetes: 140-200 mg/dL
- Diabetes: 201 mg/dL or above
- Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
— A blood test that does not require any fasting. The HbA1c is an indicator of your average blood sugar levels over the previous 3 months. Your results may be read as follows:
- Normal: below 5.7%
- Prediabetes: 5.7%-6.4%
- Diabetes: 6.5% or above
Who Should Get Screened?
The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends that the following people get screened every three years for diabetes:
- Adults of any age who are overweight or obese with one or more of these risk factors:
- First-degree relative with diabetes
- Low HDL (good) cholesterol level and high triglycerides levels
- High blood pressure
- History of diabetes during pregnancy (gestational diabetes ) or having a baby weighing over nine pounds
- Having polycystic ovary syndrome or other conditions associated with insulin resistance
- Being inactive
- History of cardiovascular disease
- Belonging to an at-risk ethnic group (African American, Hispanic, Native American, Hispanic American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander)
- Previous blood test results that show HbA1C levels at 5.7% or higher, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glucose
- Adults aged 45 or older without any risk factors
- Overweight children aged 10 years and older who have two of these risk factors:
- High body mass index (BMI) based on child's weight and height
- Family history of diabetes
- Signs of insulin resistance or having a condition associated with insulin resistance
- At-risk ethnic background
How Do You Treat Prediabetes?
If your glucose test indicates prediabetes, you should have it repeated for accuracy. If you do have prediabetes, you will need to be retested every year.
Fortunately, we know that people with prediabetes can delay or prevent the onset of diabetes with lifestyle changes. Experts recommend that people with prediabetes reduce their weight by 5%-10% and engage in modest physical activity for 30 minutes most days of the week. In addition to exercising, you doctor will also recommend that you make changes to your diet. This may include eating more fruits and vegetables and whole grain foods. Drinking moderate amounts of alcohol (two drinks per day for men, one drink per day for women) may also offer benefits.
In some cases, medicine like metformin , a drug used to treat diabetes, may be prescribed
RESOURCES:
American Diabetes Association
http://www.diabetes.org/
National Diabetes Education Program
http://ndep.nih.gov/
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Canadian Diabetes Association
http://www.diabetes.ca/
Team Diabetes Canada
Canadian Diabetes Association
http://www.diabetes.ca/
References:
American Diabetes Association and National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive, and Kidney Diseases. Position statement: the prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care . 2002:742-749.
Blood glucose. EBSCO Patient Education Reference Center website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/thisTopic.php?marketID=16topicID=1034 . Updated November 2007. Accessed August 14, 2008.
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med . 2002;7:393-403.
DynaMed Editorial Team. Impaired glucose tolerance. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php. Updated June 14, 2010. Accessed June 22, 2010.
Edelstein SL, Knowler WC, Bain RP, et al. Predictors of progression from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes. An analysis of six prospective studies. Diabetes. 1997;46:701.
Frequently asked questions about pre-diabetes. American Diabetic Association website. Available at: http://www.diabetes.org/pre-diabetes/faq.jsp . Accessed August 14, 2008.
Kassel K. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes. EBSCO Health Library website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/thisTopic.php?marketID=15topicID=81 . Updated February 25, 2010. Accessed June 21, 2010.
Kassel K. Type 2 diabetes. EBSCO Health Library website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/thisTopic.php?marketID=15topicID=81 . Updated June 9, 2010. Accessed June 21, 2010.
Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, Vinicor F, Marks JS, Koplan JP. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. J Am Med Assoc . 2001:1195-1200.
Oral glucose tolerance test. EBSCO PERC website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/thisTopic.php?marketID=15topicID=81 . Updated December 2007. Accessed August 14, 2008.
Type 2 diabetes. EBSCO Health Library website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/thisTopic.php?marketID=15topicID=81 . Updated March 2008. Accessed August 14, 2008.
10/12/2009 DynaMed Systematic Literature Surveillance DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance : Crandall JP, Polsky S, Howard AA, et al. Alcohol consumption and diabetes risk in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:595-601.
2/15/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance: American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2010. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(suppl 1:S11-61).
2/15/2010 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance: American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(suppl 1:S62-69).
Last reviewed June 2010 by Brian Randall, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2007 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.