Carbohydrate-Counting Diet
What Is Carbohydrate Counting?
Carbohydrate counting is a method of keeping track of the number of carbohydrates you eat at each meal. This is important if you need to manage your blood sugar levels, since your body turns carbohydrates into blood sugar, or glucose.
Why Should I Use the Carbohydrate-Counting Method?
Because carbohydrate counting focuses only on the carbohydrates in different foods, it allows for more flexibility than the exchange system. Carbohydrate counting is particularly useful for people who take insulin shots, since it allows you to balance food intake with insulin. The more carbohydrates you eat, the higher your blood sugar will be, and the more insulin you will need. Of course, always ask your doctor before adjusting insulin doses on your own.
Carbohydrate-Counting Basics
When you eat carbohydrates, your body turns them into sugar, or glucose. The foods that raise blood sugar the most are those that are high in carbohydrates (eg, starches, milk, fruit, and sweets).
Carbohydrates are often classified as simple or complex. Simple carbohydrates, or “sugars,” include table sugar, honey, high fructose corn syrup, and the sugars found in milk and fruit. Complex carbohydrates, or starches, include whole grains, starchy vegetables, and legumes. Both types affect blood sugar in a similar way, but certain choices in each are healthier than others.
Healthy Choices | Limit or Avoid | |
Simple Carbohydrates (Sugars) |
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Complex Carbohydrates (Starches) |
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How Much Is One Serving of Carbohydrates?
One carbohydrate serving is equal to 15 grams of carbohydrate. This is about the amount of carbohydrate in one slice of bread, ¾ cup dry, unsweetened cereal, ½ cup of pasta, one cup of milk, or one small piece of fresh fruit. Since they have similar effects on your blood sugar, they can also be “exchanged.” This is because these foods are generally considered “carbohydrate servings.” For example, you may trade one starch serving for one fruit or milk serving.
The table below gives examples of food that has approximately 15 grams of carbohydrates per serving.
Examples of 15 Grams of Carbohydrates Per Serving | |
1 slice bread | 1/3 cup rice |
¾ cup dry, unsweetened cereal | 1/3 bagel |
½ cup pasta | 1 medium sugar cookie |
1 cup milk | 4 ounces of juice or soda |
1 small piece (or 1 cup) of fresh fruit | ½ cup beans |
½ cup mashed potatoes | 3 cups popcorn |
¼ cup granola | 1/3 cup hummus |
Meats and fats generally contain little or no carbohydrate, while vegetables contain only five grams per serving (one serving equals ½ cup cooked or 1 cup raw vegetables).
There are books that provide more comprehensive carbohydrate count lists. In addition, most packaged foods have labels with the carbohydrate amount.
How Much Carbohydrate Can I Eat?
Most people with diabetes should consume between 45%-65% of their calories as carbohydrates (and the rest from fat and protein). There are four calories in every gram of carbohydrate. So, for example, if you are on a 2,000-calorie diet with 50% of your calories coming from carbohydrates, you can have a total of 16 servings of carbohydrate per day. A registered dietitian can help you determine and calculate the best meal plan for you.
Calculating Carbohydrate Servings |
2,000 calorie diet |
50% of calories from carbohydrates = 1,000 calories |
1,000 calories divided by 4 calories per gram of carbohydrate = 250 grams |
250 grams divided by 15 grams carbohydrate per serving = 16.66 servings |
How you distribute these servings will affect your blood sugar. So, try to be consistent from day to day, but adjust as needed to keep blood sugars within your target range.
The bottom line is you should space out your carbohydrate servings into at least three meals per day. In addition, the more fiber the carbohydrates contain, the better the effect on your blood sugar. The table below shows examples of different ways that these 16 carbohydrates could be distributed:
Breakfast | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 0 |
AM Snack | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Lunch | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
PM Snack | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
Dinner | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
Evening Snack | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
TOTAL CARBS | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 16 |
What About Foods That Do Not Contain Carbohydrates?
When following the carbohydrate counting diet, foods consisting mainly of protein or fat (eg, meat and oils) should be eaten in moderation even though they are not technically counted. If they are eaten in excess, you may exceed your target calorie level and gain weight. Foods that are high in saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol should also be limited to decrease your risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
What About Dietary Fiber?
Fiber is a carbohydrate. But, because the body cannot break it down, it does not affect blood sugar. If you eat many high-fiber foods, you may want to talk to a dietitian about label reading to learn how to subtract the “dietary fiber” grams from the “total carbohydrate” grams. This subtraction gives you a more accurate estimate of the carbohydrates that will affect your blood sugar.
Helpful Tips and Suggestions
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Focus on the amount, timing, and type of carbohydrate consumed:
- Amount—Become familiar with serving sizes and learn to read food labels.
- Timing—Once you have developed a plan that works for you, be consistent about how you distribute your carbohydrate intake from day to day.
- Type—Choose whole grain, unrefined sources of carbohydrates over those that are processed or high in added sugar.
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Eat a variety of healthy foods everyday:
- Choose unprocessed, unrefined sources of carbohydrate, such as whole grains, fruits, vegetables, beans, and lentils.
- Choose healthy fats, such as olive and canola oil, peanuts, avocado, and fish oil.
- Choose lean sources of protein, such as lean cuts of beef and pork, poultry, fish, beans, and legumes.
- Talk with a registered dietitian. She can help you master carbohydrate counting and come up with an individualized meal plan.
RESOURCES:
American Diabetes Association
http://www.diabetes.org/
National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases
http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Canadian Diabetes Association
http://www.diabetes.ca/
Dietitians of Canada
http://www.dietitians.ca/
References:
American Diabetes Association website. Available at: http://www.diabetes.org . Accessed December 29, 2009.
Carbohydrate counting. Canadian Diabetes Association website. Available at: http://www.diabetes.ca/Section_About/carbcount.asp . Accessed December 29, 2009.
Carbohydrate counting with chronic kidney disease. National Kidney Foundation website. Available at: http://www.kidney.org/atoz/atozItem.cfm?id=51 . Accessed December 29, 2009.
Kulkarni KD. Carbohydrate counting: a practical meal-planning option for people with diabetes. Clinical Diabetes . 2005; 23:120-122.
Powers M. American Dietetic Association Guide to Eating Right When You Have Diabetes . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2003.
Last reviewed January 2010 by Maria Adams, MS, MPH, RD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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