Infant massage can relieve pain, offer comfort, and provide a lasting bond between parents and babies.
When two-month-old Jake attended his first infant massage class, he was screaming. According to his young mother, Jake screamed most of the time, and she had lost all confidence in her ability to soothe him. While medical doctors were looking into physical reasons for Jake's constant crying, his mom needed help immediately.
Peg Farlow and Maria Mathius guided the young mother's hands in a clockwise circle on the infant's tummy. With less than 10 inches separating mother and screaming infant, Farlow remembers the moment when the mother's fingers rested over the descending colon and her son stopped crying. "He blinked his little eyes and gazed deeply into his mother's," Farlow remembers. "The magic that occurred between infant and mother energized the whole room."
Farlow, a licensed massage therapist, certified infant massage instructor, and speech/language pathologist in Alabama, instructs parents in the basics of infant massage. "All babies need safe, nurturing touch and that is what massage offers," she explains. "Teaching caregivers how to use touch/massage offers them the opportunity to do something for their child that is comforting, and is really fun for them, too."
Infant massage has been practiced for centuries in Eastern cultures, but the Western World wasn't introduced to infant massage until Vimala McClure returned to the United States in the 1970s after working in a small orphanage in India.
Combining ancient Indian methods with Swedish massage , acupressure , reflexology, and yoga techniques, the methods that McClure outlines in her book, Infant Massage: A Handbook for Loving Parents , are the basis for infant massage in the United States.
"In my heart and mind, this is an ancient teaching that I was fortunate to be able to put together in a way that is particularly beneficial to the way Western parents operate," McClure says. In 1986, McClure established the International Association of Infant Massage (IAIM) which has 27 chapters worldwide and has trained more than 10,000 instructors in the United States.
The regular routine of infant massage offers additional benefits to both child and caregiver not necessarily provided by normal affectionate touch.
"Infants are not fully developed at birth. They need help in every way to survive," she says. "Massage provides much of that help, toning the respiratory, circulatory, and gastrointestinal systems, in addition to providing the cues so necessary for the emotional health of the developing child."
The benefits of massage are substantiated by more than 70 studies conducted at the University of Miami's Touch Research Institute (TRI). One of the most cited studies showed that premature infants who were massaged for 15 minutes three times a day, gained 47% more weight, were more alert, scored better on the Brazelton Neonatal Behavior Assessment Test and were released from the hospital six days earlier than preterm infants who were not massaged. Eight months later, the massaged infants maintained their weight gain and showed enhanced cognitive and motor development. Recently, they have found massage to be useful in reducing preterm infant stress behaviors as well.
A number of studies from peer-reviewed journals have indicated that the benefits of infant massage include:
"While infant massage provides innumerable physiologic benefits to infants, it should not be thought of as a therapeutic treatment done to a baby. It is an affectionate interaction experienced with a baby," reminds McClure. In fact, some studies suggest that cultures that hold, massage, and rock their babies produce adults that are less aggressive and violent.
Shel Franco of Madison, Wisconsin, has been massaging her boys since day one. "I feel more connected to them," she says. "I'd like to think my boys will have a healthy idea of intimacy, that they will know how important touch is, and how the right touch can flood your heart and soul with peace." On a more practical level, Franco admits that massage helps her calm her boys when they are especially tired or over-stimulated, which helps her relax as well.
And it's not just moms who should massage their infants. A study from Australia showed that dads who massaged and bathed their infants on a regular basis fostered better response from the 12-week-old infants—as measured by eye contact, smiling, vocalizing, and reaching—and were more involved with their babies.
There are numerous books and videos available that can teach the basic strokes of infant massage, but classes offer parents so much more.
Elaine Weisberg and Rita Day, both registered nurses and certified infant massage instructors, teach infant massage classes at Baptist Hospital East in Louisville, Kentucky. "Parents are taught many things in class such as how to read their baby's nonverbal cues as well as the strokes," they say. In addition, they often discuss other issues of importance to new parents such as feeding, teething, sleeping, and development. "The group can be a wealth of information and support for these issues," Day adds.
A typical session is conducted sitting on the floor with the lights dimmed and soft, soothing music playing. Weisberg and Day begin the session with a brief breathing and relaxation period. Weisberg and Day model the strokes on dolls while parents practice on their infants. The session ends with the singing of a Bengali lullaby. The words mean, "I love you my dear baby." By the end of three, one-hour classes, parents have the skills necessary to give their infant a total body massage.
"The whole bonding process is strengthened because you cannot massage your baby and be removed from them," says Weisberg. "By learning to read their baby's cues and watching them, parents have more positive encounters with their infants."
RESOURCES:
International Association of Infant Massage (US Chapter)
http://www.iaim-us.com/
Touch Research Institutes
http://www.miami.edu/touch-research/
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Massage Therapy Canada
http://www.massage.ca/
Primary Care Pediatrics Ontario Association of Pediatricians
http://www.utoronto.ca/kids/
References:
Cigales M, et al. Massage, therapy, habituation, infants, and cognition: massage enhances recovery from habituation in normal infants. Infant Behavior and Development . 1997;20:29-34.
Field T. Massage therapy for infants and children. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1995;16:105-111.
Hernandez-Reif M, Diego M, Field T. Preterm infants show reduced stress behaviors and activity after 5 days of massage therapy. Infant Behav Dev. 2007;30:557-561.
McClure VS. Infant Massage: A Handbook for Loving Parents. New York, NY: Bantam Books, Inc; 2000.
Ottenbacher KJ, Muller L, Brandt D, Heintzelman A, Hojem P, Sharpe P. The effectiveness of tactile stimulation as a form of early intervention: a quantitative evaluation. J Dev Behav Pediatr . 1987;8:68-76.
Scafidi FA, Field TM, Schanberg SM. Massage stimulates growth in preterm infants: a replication. Infant Behavior and Development. 1990;13:167-188.
Schanberg SM, Evoniuk G, Kuhn Cm. Tactile and nutritional aspects of maternal care: specific regulators of nutritional aspects of neuroendocrine function and cellular development. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med . 1984;175:135-146.
Weiss SJ. Psychophysiologic and behavioral effects of tactile stimulation on infants with congenital heart disease. Res Nurs Health . 1992;15:93-101.
Last reviewed January 2009 by Kari Kassir, MD
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