Your health insurance company touts its preventive focus. And you think your doctors know what they're doing. So, can you rest assured that you will get all the cancer screening tests, such as mammograms and Pap smears, that you need? That may depend, some experts say.
"We know there are still a lot of missed opportunities out there," says Haya Rubin, MD, PhD, director of quality care research at Johns Hopkins Hospital. "There are a lot of women who should be getting mammograms who aren't," she says, pointing out that, on average, only 56% of Medicare-eligible women had a mammogram to screen for breast cancer in the past two years.
The number of women who receive regular Pap smears to screen for cervical cancer may be even smaller. A research study of patients from Kaiser Permanente, one of California's largest health maintenance organizations (HMO), revealed that among 240 women diagnosed with cervical cancer, 75% of them were seen at a primary care office sometime in the previous 2.5 years but did not receive a Pap smear. A Pap smear during one of those previous visits may have caught their cancer earlier or helped prevent it altogether.
The American Cancer Society also recommends that all adults are at least once screened for skin cancer by a clinician, and then subsequent skin examinations can be done at the clinician's discretion as determined by risk status. This recommendation is currently not supported by United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF); however, the organization does mention the importance of “remaining vigilant” about possible skin lesions that might be cancerous.
Screening for cervical cancer and breast cancer are already well established. There is, though, a lot of discussion regarding screening for lung cancer or ovarian cancer in women. Currently there is no North American Task Force that would recommend such screening, but in the future the recommendations may change.
Dr. Rubin says there are many reasons why screening tests, even ones recommended by the American Cancer Society, are not performed. The doctor may be too distracted by a patient's other health issues to remember to order or do the test. Or, there might be a problem getting the right paperwork or staffing to do the test. The patient may also not understand the reason for the test. Usually it is a combination of these factors.
"It's kind of like a chain. If one of the links is missing, [screening] doesn't happen," Dr. Rubin says.
Elizabeth Gulitz, PhD, RN, associate dean of public health at the University of South Florida agrees. "[Getting screening tests done] is multi-faceted . . . it can break down in any place." She studies doctors' offices and says that a lot of doctors are very busy and often feel that they don't have enough time, so the preventive tests get lost in the shuffle.
Fortunately, many people are looking at ways to increase the number of women who receive regular screenings. Kaiser Permanente initiated a program to increase breast and cervical cancer screening. Any time a woman is seen at a Kaiser-Permanente doctor's office, a computer tells her doctor whether she is due for a Pap smear or a mammogram.
"If the patient has an overdue Pap smear, the doctor can tell her," says Hai-Yen Sung, PhD, of Kaiser Permanente's Department of Quality and Utilization. "That increases the probability of [her] getting a Pap smear . . . We have found this system to be very successful."
Dr. Rubin agrees that the best way to increase the number of women who receive regular Pap smears and mammograms is to make it easy for the doctor to remember to do these important tests. Computer reminders like Kaiser Permanente's are one option. Other offices use questionnaires that patients fill out before each visit to tell the doctor which tests they want to discuss.
Medicare, too, is working to increase the number of mammograms that are being done. It recently started to pay for a mammogram every year for women over 65, instead of for one mammogram every two years. The new policy is in line with the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology's recommendations for breast cancer screening. Medicare also works in each state to help set up procedures to remind doctors to order mammograms.
To make sure you and your doctor are not missing opportunities to prevent disease, follow these tips from the experts:
RESOURCES:
American Cancer Society
http://www.cancer.org
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology
http://www.ACOG.org
Medicare Health Information
http://www.medicare.gov/health/overview.asp
References
Saslow D, Runowicz CD, Solomon D, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002; 52:342-346.
Forbes C, Jepson R, Martin-Hirsch P. Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;CD002834.
ACOG Committee Opinion #300: Cervical cancer screening in adolescents. Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104:885.
Zang EA, Wynder EL. Differences in lung cancer risk between men and women: examination of the evidence. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88:183.
Patz EF Jr, Goodman PC, Bepler G. Screening for lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1627-1633.
Carlson KJ, Skates SJ, Singer DE. Screening for ovarian cancer. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:124-132.
Friedman RJ, Rigel DS, Silverman MK, et al. Malignant melanoma in the 1990s: the continued importance of early detection and the role of physician examination and self-examination of the skin. CA Cancer J Clin 1991;41:201-226.
Last reviewed February 2007 by Marcin Chwistek, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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