Metabolic syndrome is a group of risk factors. The factors are related to the breakdown and use of food. These conditions are risk factors for health issues such as:
In general, it is characterized by:The exact cause of metabolic syndrome is not known. It believed to be due to a combination of factors, such as:
Risk factors for metabolic syndrome include the following:
Except for obesity, there are no obvious symptoms. Those who are obese may have the following symptoms and signs:
The doctor will ask about your medical history. A physical exam will be done.
Your doctor may order lab tests such as:
You may be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome if you have at least three of the following measures:
The treatment of metabolic syndrome involves two parts:
To help prevent metabolic syndrome:
In addition, other unhealthy lifestyle factors also contribute to heart disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. To lower your risk of these diseases:
RESOURCES:
American Heart Association
http://www.americanheart.org
National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases
http://www.niddk.nih.gov
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Canadian Cardiovascular Society
http://www.ccs.ca/home/index_e.aspx
Canadian Diabetes Association
http://www.diabetes.ca/
References:
Cornier MA, Dabelea D, Hernandez TL et al: the metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2008;29:777-822.
Deen D. Metabolic syndrome: time for action. Am Fam Physician . 2004;69:2875-2882.
Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PA. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet . 2005;365:1415-1428.
Findings and recommendations from the American College of Endocrinology on the insulin resistance syndrome. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists website. Available at: http://www.aace.com . Accessed January 17, 2003.
Gami AS, Witt BJ, Howard DE, et al. Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death. J Am Coll Cardiol . 2007;49:403-414.
Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Cleeman JI, et al. American Heart Association, NHLBI. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the NHLBI/AHA conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation . 2004;109:433-438.
Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Diniels SR, et al. AHA/NHLBI Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an AHA/NHLBI Scientific Statement. Circulation . 2005;112:2735-2752.
Metabolic syndrome. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php . Updated May 2009. Accessed May 18, 2009.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov .
National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases. Available at: http://www.niddk.nih.gov .
Reaven GM. The metabolic syndrome or the insulin resistance syndrome? Different names, different concepts, and different goals. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am . 2004; 33: 283-304.
Steinberger J, Daniels SR, Eckel RH et al: AHA scientifc statement: progress and challenges in metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Circulation. 2009;119:628-647.
Syndrome x or metabolic syndrome. American Heart Association website. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org . Accessed January 17, 2003.
Wright Jr JT, Harris-Haywood S, Pressel S, et al. Clinical outcomes by race in hypertensive patients with and without the metabolic syndrome (ALLHAT). Arch Int Med. 2008;168:207-217.
*¹1/13/2009 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance : Salas-Salvadó J, Fernández-Ballart J, Ros E, et al. Effect of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with nuts on metabolic syndrome status: one-year results of the PREDIMED randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:2449-2458.
*²2/17/2009 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php : Davidson LE, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, et al. Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:122-131.
*³5/11/2009 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php : Nettleton JA, Lutsey PL, Wang Y, Lima JA, Michos ED, Jacobs DR. Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care. 2009;32:688-694.
Last reviewed February 2009 by David Juan, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2007 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.