Resistance training causes muscles or muscle groups to work against a force (eg, gravity or exercise equipment) that provides a resistance strong enough to increase strength. Some of the more familiar equipment used for resistance training are free weights, machines, and cable systems.
Some experts believe that free weights are better because they enhance functional ability and capacity, and have a greater “transfer of training” to real-life activities. Others hold that muscles do not know the difference between the various types of training and therefore respond in similar ways.
In one study, both free weights and machines were used to examine the effects of age on ability to increase strength and power. Eighteen healthy men were placed in two age-determined training groups and followed for 13 weeks. The mixture of exercises resulted in gains in strength and power for both age groups.
There are numerous health benefits associated with resistance training, like increased muscle strength, power, and endurance; stronger connective tissue; increased bone density; reduced body fat; increased rate at which calories are burned; reduced risk of injuries; and improved balance and coordination.
Resistance training has been shown to be an essential component for physical performance enhancement. At Pennsylvania State University, a study was conducted to determine the effects of resistance training. Ninety-three healthy women were randomly assigned to six training groups, which varied by training protocol, and were followed for six months. The results showed continued improvements in physical performance.
Before embarking on a program, there are many factors to consider—the most important being your personal goals. If you are a beginner, start with a simple program. As you gain confidence and strength, you can progress by varying your exercises, the number of repetitions and sets, and the length of time you rest between sets.
Choose the equipment that is right for you:
There are advantages to both free weights and machines, but often one is more appropriate than the other to achieve specific outcomes. Combining the two forms allows you to enjoy the advantages of both. For example, certain muscle groups are difficult to isolate with free weights. In this case, machines are a better option, even for experienced lifters. Machines also allow you to lift heavier weights. However, they impose restrictions that may not be satisfactory for every user. Free weights enable the body to move more naturally and allow you to make slight variations in form. In addition, they are universal—every gym will have familiar free weight equipment.
The debate continues about which form of resistance training is better, but there is little disagreement that exercises performed under the supervision of an instructor will produce better results. In a study by the Human Performance Laboratory at Ball State University, 20 moderately trained men, aged 18-35 years, were randomly assigned to either a supervised or unsupervised group. At the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks of performing identical exercises, the groups were tested for a variety of strength and endurance measures, as well as body composition. The results of the directly supervised group were significantly better compared with the unsupervised group.
Free weights and machines are not the only resistance training options. Body weight can provide enough resistance for a workout—push-ups and dips are just two examples—and resistance bands are easy to transport. Fitness instructors can suggest creative exercises and tips on proper form for persons who are traveling or without access to a gym.
The media and popular culture identifies weight training with youth, flat abs, and big biceps. In fact, weight training can be most beneficial for many people who will never find themselves on the front cover of fitness magazines. Close supervision (often with careful physician oversight) is necessary for safety and effectiveness. The results often include better strength, endurance, and quality of life.
RESOURCES:
American College of Sports Medicine
http://www.acsm.org/
National Strength and Conditioning Association
http://www.nsca-lift.org/
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Canadian Society of Exercise Physiology
www.csep.ca/
Healthy Living Unit
http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/pau-uap/fitness/
References:
Kraemer WJ, Ratamess NA. Fundamentals of resistance training: progression and exercise prescription. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2004;36(4).
Kraemer WJ, Mazzetti SA. Effect of resistance training on women’s strength/power and occupational performances. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2001;33(6).
Mazzetti SA, Kraemer WJ, et al. The influence of direct supervision on resistance training and strength performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2000;32(6).
Nelson ME. Strong Women, Strong Bones. New York: Perigree; 2000.
Newton, RU, Hakkinen K, et al. Mixed-methods resistance training increases power and strength of young and older men. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 2002;34(8).
Stone M., Plisk S, et al. Training principles: evaluation of modes and methods of resistance training. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 2000;22(3).
Cheema BS, O'Sullivan AJ, et al. Progressive resistance training during hemodialysis: rationale and method of a randomized-controlled trial. Hemodial Int. 2006;10(3):303-310.
Meyer K. Resistance exercise in chronic heart failure—landmark studies and implications for practice. Clin Invest Med. 2006;29(3):166-169.
Last reviewed June 2010 by Brian P. Randall, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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