In heart failure, the heart is weaker than normal and cannot pump enough blood throughout the body. Blood moves through the heart and body at a slower rate, causing the pressure in the heart to increase. The walls of the heart expand to hold more blood, but this is only a temporary solution. Eventually, the heart muscle weakens and excess fluid backs up into the lungs and other parts of the body. This is known as congestive heart failure (CHF) .
It is estimated that 5 million people in the US have heart failure and about 300,000 die from it each year. It is normally managed through medication and lifestyle changes such as eating healthfully. When CHF becomes severe, a heart transplant may be the last resort for a patient who can still tolerate surgery.
In 2002, 2,154 heart transplants were performed in the US. But, it is estimated that 30,000 to 70,000 Americans could benefit from a heart transplant, and 15 to 25% of the Americans who die each year of heart failure died waiting for a new heart. Unfortunately, while the demand for donor hearts has doubled in recent years, the supply of donor hearts has decreased.
A study published in the August 26, 2004 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine looked at the use of an artificial heart, temporarily implanted, as a bridge to cardiac transplantation in patients with heart failure.
The study looked at 81 patients with end-stage congestive heart failure who received the CardioWest Total Artificial Heart while awaiting a heart transplantation. The CardioWest Artificial Heart is a blood pump that completely replaces the heart’s ventricles—the two lower chambers of the heart. At maximum cardiac output, the artificial heart can pump 9 liters of blood per minute.
The 81 patients who received the artificial-heart device were compared to 35 patients in the control group who had been waiting for a heart transplant but never received an artificial heart.
When the researchers compared the two groups, they looked at:
The researchers found that the patients who received the artificial heart as a bridge to heart transplantation had significantly better outcomes when compared to the patients who had not receive the artificial heart. Specifically, 79% of patients with the artificial heart survived to their scheduled heart transplantation compared to only 46% of the patients who did not have the artificial heart. Interestingly, the average time from entry into the study and heart transplantation was almost 80 days in the patients with the implant, but less than 9 days for the control group.
The survival rates are listed in the following table:
Survival Rate | Treatment group (with artificial heart) | Control Group(without artificial heart) |
Overall | 70% | 31% |
One-year after transplantation | 86% | 69% |
Five-years after transplantation | 64% | 34% |
Additionally, 69% of patients with the artificial heart achieved treatment success as compared to 37% of the control group.
The study’s authors note that the quality of life among the patients who received the implant was significantly improved—citing that 75% of these patients were able to get out of bed one week after the procedure.
Heart failure claims 300,000 lives in the US alone and 45,000 to 75,000 die while waiting for cardiac transplantation. This study found that implantation of the CardioWest Total Artificial Heart as bridge to a new heart significantly increased survival and improve the quality of life for dying patients. This is just one successful example of a growing technological trend, which seeks to replace diseased organs and tissues with artificial devises.
While this is encouraging news for congestive heart failure patients and their families, an artificial heart, even a temporary one, is extremely expensive to build, implant and maintain. Until the price of this technology comes down, it will remain out of reach for most patients dying for a new heart.
RESOURCES:
American Heart Association
http://www.americanheart.org/
Heart Rhythm Society
http://www.hrsonline.org/
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/
Sources:
Copeland JG, et al. Cardiac replacement with a total artificial heart as a bridge to transplantation. New England Journal of Medicine . 2004;351(9):859-867.
Heart failure summary. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute web site. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Hf/HF_Summary.html . Accessed August 24, 2004.
Heart transplants and statistics. American Heart Association web site. Available at: http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4588 . Accessed August 25, 2004.
What is heart failure? National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute web site. Available at: http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Hf/HF_WhatIs.html . Accessed August 24, 2004.
Last reviewed Aug 27, 2004 by Richard Glickman-Simon, MD
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