Esophageal varices are abnormal blood vessels (veins) that develop in the esophagus. They have abnormally thin walls, and the blood pressure within them is very high. This combination makes esophageal varices very dangerous, because they can burst and cause life-threatening bleeding.
Esophageal variceal injection is a procedure to either prevent future bleeding or stop active bleeding. During the procedure, medicine is injected into or alongside esophageal varices. When injecting into the vein, the medicine causes blood clots to form, blocking the vein from bleeding. When injected alongside the vein, the swelling in the area compresses the vein, preventing it from bleeding.
The procedure is also known as sclerotherapy.
Esophageal varices can be life-threatening. Esophageal variceal injection is a procedure that can make them less likely to bleed. The procedure is also used to stop active bleeding from esophageal varices.
Complications are rare, but no procedure is completely free of risk. If you are planning to have an injection, your doctor will review a list of possible complications which may include:
Some factors that may increase the risk of complications include:
For this procedure, you will lie on your left side. A mouthpiece will be placed to help keep your mouth open. An assistant will be in the room to monitor your breathing and heart beat. You may also be given oxygen through your nose. A suction tube will be used to clear the saliva and other fluids from your mouth.
A lubricated endoscope will be placed into your mouth. It will be passed down your throat and into your esophagus. The scope will have a small light and a camera. The doctor will watch the images on a video monitor. Air will be passed through the scope to help your doctor see your esophagus. The doctor will be able to locate the enlarged vein. If needed, the endoscope can be passed all the way down into the stomach and upper intestines.
Once near the varices, a flexible needle will be passed through the scope. The needle will be used to inject medicine into the varices. If needed, your doctor may do many injections during one procedure.
Instruments can also be passed through the scope to apply rubber band-like devices. The rubber band ties off the varices. This will prevent future bleeding. This is called band ligation.
About 30-60 minutes
During the procedure, you may feel discomfort in your throat. After the procedure, your throat may be sore for a few days. In addition, you may feel bloated and need to belch. It may also be painful to swallow for a couple of days after the procedure.
After the procedure, be sure to follow your doctor's instructions, which may include:
After this procedure, you will have a smaller chance of bleeding from your esophageal varices. However, it is still possible to bleed from varices that have been injected. More than one procedure may be required.
After arriving home, contact your doctor if any of the following occurs:
RESOURCES:
American Gastroenterological Association
http://www.gastro.org/
American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
http://www.asge.org/
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Health Canada
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/index_e.html
The Canadian Association of Gastroenterology (CAG)
http://www.cag-acg.org/default.aspx
References:
Feldman M, Friedman LS, Sleisenger MH. Sleisenger and Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2002.
Sherlock S, Dooley J. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. 11th ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science; 2002.
Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery. 17th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004.
Yamada T. Textbook of Gastroenterology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins; 2003.
Zakim D, Boyer TD. Hepatology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2003.
Last reviewed November 2009 by Daus Mahnke, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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