Chronic Lymphadenitis
(Lymph Node Infection; Lymph Gland Infection; Lymph Node Inflammation; Lymph Gland Inflammation)
Definition
Chronic lymphadenitis is the inflammation of a lymph node. The inflammation can last for a prolonged period of time. Lymph nodes are part of the immune system. This system fights and prevents infections. The lymph node’s job is to filter out unwanted substances, such as bacteria and viruses, and help eliminate them from the body.
Lymph Nodes in the Head and Neck
Lymph nodes occur in clusters in the neck, arm pits, and groin. Chronic lymphadenitis may affect one node, several nodes in one area (regional), or nodes in many areas of the body (general).
The sooner chronic lymphadenitis is treated, the more favorable the outcome. If you suspect you have this condition, contact your doctor immediately.
Swollen Lymph Nodes
Causes
Lymph nodes normally swell when fighting off an infection. In cases of more serious infection, the swelling may be prolonged. Lymphadenitis is usually caused by an infection that has spread to the lymph nodes from a skin, ear, nose, or eye infection. Other causes of lymphadenitis include the following:
- Infection with streptococcal or staphylococcal bacteria
- Bacterial sore throat
- Tonsillitis
- Dental infection
- HIV infection
- Tuberculosis
- Nontuberculosis mycobacterial disease
- Tularemia (rabbit fever)
- Plague
- Cat scratch disease
- Primary or secondary syphilis
- Lymphogranuloma venereum
- Chancroid
- Genital herpes
- Mononucleosis
- Cytomegalovirus infection
- Toxoplasmosis
- Brucellosis
- Disseminated histoplasmosis
Lymph node inflammation may also be caused by circulating cancer cells.
Risk Factors
A risk factor is something that increases your chances of getting a disease or condition.
The following factors increase your chances of developing chronic lymphadenitis. If you have any of these risk factors, tell your doctor:
- The conditions listed under “Causes”
- Close contact with someone who has one of the conditions listed above
- Age: 12 or younger; chronic lymphadenitis commonly occurs in children.
- Contact with animals, specifically cats, rats, or cows
Symptoms
If you experience any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to chronic lymphadenitis. These symptoms may be caused by other, less serious health conditions. If you experience any one of them, see your physician.
Symptoms include:
- Swollen, painful, tender, or hard lymph nodes
- The skin over a node is red and warm to the touch
-
Fever with the following symptoms:
- Chills
- Loss of appetite
- Heavy perspiration
- Rapid pulse
- General weakness
- Difficulty swallowing
- Difficulty breathing
- Neck stiffness
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history, and perform a physical exam.
Tests may include the following:
- White blood cell (WBC) count—WBCs help fight infection, so levels will be high if you have an infection.
- Blood culture—testing of a sample of blood to look for bacteria or fungus
- Biopsy of the lymph node—removal of a sample of lymph node tissue for testing
- Ultrasound—a test that uses sound waves to examine your lymph nodes
Treatment
Treatment of chronic lymphadenitis depends on the cause. Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include the following:
Medications
- Antibiotics to control an infection
-
Anti-inflammatory medications—to help reduce inflammation and swelling; aspirin may be recommended for adults.
- Note : Aspirin is not recommended for children or teens with a current or recent viral infection. This is because of the risk of Reye's syndrome . Ask your doctor which other medicines are safe for your child.
Supportive Care
Hot, moist compresses on the lymph nodes can help relieve pain.
Surgery
Surgery may be necessary to drain abscesses (pockets of pus), if they occur.
Prevention
To help reduce your chances of getting chronic lymphadenitis, take the following steps:
- Seek prompt treatment of bacterial and viral infections. Contact your doctor at the first signs of infection (fever, chills, redness).
-
Take steps to prevent getting an infection:
- Practice good hygiene practices, such as washing your hands regularly.
- Avoid close contact with people who are sick.
- Eat a healthful diet, one that is low in saturated fat and rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.
RESOURCES:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/
National Institutes of Health
US National Library of Medicine
http://www.nlm.nih.gov
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
BC Health Guide
http://www.bchealthguide.org
Health Canada
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/index_e.html
References:
Lymphadenitis. Dr. Joseph F. Smith Medical Library website. Available at: http://www.chclibrary.org/micromed/00055540.html . Accessed July 14, 2005.
Lymphadenitis. The Merck Manual of Medical Information, 2nd Home Edition Online. Available at: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec03/ch037/ch037c.html . Accessed July 14, 2005.
Lymphadenitis. The Merck Manual Online. Available at: http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section10/chapter112/112d.jsp . Accessed July 14, 2005.
Lymphadenitis and lymphangitis. University of Maryland Medical Center website. Available at: http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001301.htm . Accessed July 14, 2005.
Lymphadenitis and lymphangitis. US National Library of Medicine website. Available at: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001301.htm . Accessed July 14, 2005.
The lymphatic system. American Medical Association website. Available at: http://www.medem.com/search/article_display.cfm?path=\\TANQUERAY\M_ContentItem&mstr=/M_ContentItem/ZZZG0S6CGJC.html&soc=AMA&srch_typ=NAV_SERCH . Accessed July 14, 2005.
Swollen lymph glands (lymphadenitis). The Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research website. Available at: http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001301.htm . Accessed July 14, 2005.
Last reviewed September 2009 by Bridget Sinnott, MD, FACE
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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