Definition

Diarrhea is more than three loose, liquid stools in a single day. It depletes your body of fluids and electrolytes. Diarrhea can be:

• Acute—occurring suddenly, and lasting briefly
• Chronic—long-term
• Recurring—occurring in recurrent episodes

If you lose too much fluid, you can become dehydrated]]> . It is particularly dangerous for babies, young children, and elderly people.

Causes

Causes may include:

• Food intolerance, such as lactose intolerance]]>
• Medications, including:
  • Antibiotics
  • Magnesium-containing antacids
  • High blood pressure medications
  • Quinine
  • Cancer ]]>chemotherapy]]>
  • Laxatives
• ]]>Irritable bowel syndrome]]> (episodes of diarrhea often alternate with periods of ]]>constipation]]> )
• Injury to the bowel after radiation treatments for cancer
• Malabsorption syndromes, such as:
  • ]]>Celiac sprue]]>
  • Tropical sprue
  • ]]>Short bowel syndrome]]>
  • ]]>Whipple's disease]]>
  • Intestinal lymphangiectasia
• Diseases of the pancreas and/or gallbladder
• Inflammatory bowel diseases ( ]]>ulcerative colitis]]> , ]]>Crohn's disease]]> )
• Chronic diseases, such as:
  • Liver disease
  • ]]>Diabetes]]>
  • ]]>Hyperthyroidism]]>
  • ]]>Addison's disease]]>
  • Pellagra
  • ]]>Scleroderma]]>
  • ]]>Amyloidosis]]>
  • ]]>AIDS]]>
  • ]]>Colon cancer]]>
• Intestinal surgery
• Infections, including food poisoning, such as:
  • Bacterial: Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella, Shigella, and ]]>Escherichia coli]]>
  • Viral: ]]>rotavirus]]> , ]]>Norwalk virus]]> , ]]>cytomegalovirus]]> , ]]>herpes simplex virus]]> , and viral hepatitis
  • Parasitic: Giardia lamblia , Entamoeba histolytica , Cryptosporidium,]]>tapeworm]]> , ]]>roundworm]]> , flukes
  • Fungal: ]]>Candida (yeast)]]>

Risk Factors

Factors that can increase your chance of getting diarrhea include:

• Traveling to a developing country where the water and food supply may be contaminated
• Having a severely weakened immune system, such as with AIDS or after an organ transplant
• Taking certain medications

Symptoms

Symptoms include:

• Frequent, loose, liquid stools
• Abdominal pain, cramping
• Urgent need to defecate
• Blood and/or mucus in stool
• Fever
• Dehydration
• Nausea, vomiting
• Muscle aches and pains
• Weight loss
• Malnutrition

Diagnosis

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. To determine the cause of your diarrhea, the doctor will ask questions, such as:

• Does anyone else in your family have diarrhea?
• What kinds of food have you eaten recently?
• Do you drink well water?
• Do your children attend daycare?
• Have you traveled recently?
• Do you use laxatives?
• What medications do you take?
• Do you have any symptoms other than diarrhea (eg, fever, rash, aching joints)?
• What is your sexual history?
• Have you ever had abdominal surgery?

Tests may include:

• Laboratory analysis of a stool sample
• Blood tests
• Fasting or food elimination tests
• Digital rectal exam—examination of the rectum with the doctor's gloved finger inserted into your rectum
• Flexible sigmoidoscopy]]> —a thin, lighted tube inserted into the rectum to examine the rectum and the lower colon.
• ]]>Colonoscopy]]> —a thin, lighted tube inserted through the rectum and into the colon to examine the lining of the colon
• ]]>Biopsy]]> —removal of a sample of colon tissue for testing. This may be performed as part of a flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
• ]]>Upper GI Series]]> —a series of x-rays of the upper digestive system taken after drinking a barium solution (also called barium swallow)
• ]]>Barium enema]]> —insertion of fluid into the rectum that makes the lining of your colon show up on an x-ray

Barium Enema

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Treatment

A medical condition may cause diarrhea. Treating the condition may help to relieve the diarrhea.

General recommendations for treating diarrhea include:

Prevention

To reduce your chance of getting diarrhea:

• Practice good handwashing
• Practice safe food preparation and food storage
• If you have diarrhea, don't prepare food for others
• If you're traveling:
  • Drink bottled water
  • Use bottled water when brushing your teeth
  • Avoid drinks that contain ice
  • Don't eat food purchased from street vendors
  • Don't eat raw vegetables or fruits (all produce should be peeled and/or cooked)
  • Make sure meats are cooked thoroughly
  • Eat only pasteurized dairy products
  • If you eat seafood, make sure it's very hot