Healthy Diet for Children (Ages 2-11)
A Guide for Parents and Caregivers
During early childhood, every day is full of exploration and discovery. Food provides children with the calories they need to be active and the nutrients they need for proper growth and development. Here you will find information on your child’s nutritional needs and practical suggestions for helping him eat a healthier diet.
Key Components of a Healthy Diet for Children
Adequate Calories
How many calories your child needs depends on age, sex, and activity level. You don’t usually need to worry about tracking calories with children as they are pretty good at self-regulating how much they need to eat. However, it is up to you to provide them with healthy food options and an adequate amount of food. Here are some tips on making sure your child gets the amount of calories he needs:
- Serve small portion sizes and then let your child have more if she is still hungry. Serving too much food at one time encourages overeating.
- Children have small stomachs and short attention spans, so spread food out over the course of the day. But rather than allowing your child to graze all day, try to have set eating times—three meals and two or three snacks per day usually works well.
- Focus on providing your child with a variety of nutrient-rich foods from all the different food groups and limit foods that are high in added sugar or fat.
- Only occasionally serve soda and juice. These drinks are full of sugar, and it's easy to fill up on them.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for your child. About 45%-65% of their calories should come from carbohydrates. In general, try to choose healthy carbohydrate-rich foods, such as whole grains, fruit, vegetables, and milk. Limit foods that are high in refined flour or added sugar, such as white bread, non-whole grain crackers, cookies, juice, and soda.
Protein
Your child needs protein for growth and repair and to build muscle. About 15%-25% of your child’s calories should come from protein. Good sources of protein include poultry, lean meat, seafood, eggs, nuts, soy, legumes, and low-fat and nonfat dairy products.
Fat
Very young children need a little more fat than older children and adults. Children aged 2-3 should consume about 30%-40% of calories as fat, while those aged four and older should consume 35%-45% of calories as fat. Dietary fat provides essential fatty acids, which are especially important for proper growth and brain development in children. Your child’s fat intake should come mostly from healthy fats, such as those found in vegetable oils (eg, canola and olive oil), nuts, avocados, olives, and fatty fish (eg, salmon, sardines, and tuna).
Vitamins & Minerals
Eating a variety of foods from each of the food groups will help ensure that your child gets all the vitamins and minerals that she needs. If you feel your child’s diet is not as “balanced” as it could be, ask her pediatrician about multivitamin supplementation. One way to help ensure picky eaters get all of their vitamins and minerals is to buy fortified breakfast cereal.
While all vitamins and minerals are important, here are a few that are particularly important during childhood:
- Calcium is essential for building strong bones and teeth. Good sources include milk, cheese, yogurt, tofu, calcium-fortified orange juice, calcium-fortified cereal, and canned salmon.
- Vitamin D is necessary for the body to use the calcium that is consumed. Good sources of vitamin D include fortified milk, salmon, and egg yolks. Exposure to sunlight will allow your body to make vitamin D, but should be limited due to the dangers of too much sun exposure.
- Not getting enough of iron can lead to iron-deficiency anemia , which can affect your child’s growth and ability to learn. Good sources of iron include lean meats and fortified breakfast cereals.
Fiber
Diets high in fiber tend to be lower in total calories, fat, and cholesterol than diets that are low in fiber. What’s more, research shows that a high fiber intake may help prevent heart disease and certain kinds of cancer . Fiber can also prevent constipation and increase fullness following a meal. To be sure your child is getting enough fiber, make sure that at least half of her grain servings are whole grains, and that she is eating plenty of fruits and vegetables.
Physical Activity
While it may not be a nutrient, physical activity is a key component of any healthy diet. Structured exercise is usually not necessary at this age, but see to it that your kids spend at least one hour actively playing every day. Keep TV viewing to a minimum and limit the amount of time they spend doing other sedentary activities, such as sitting in front of the computer or playing video games. When possible, get moving with your kids—whether it’s a walk around the block together or throwing a ball back and forth, all movement counts, and you are her number one role model.
Eating Guide for Children
This eating guide is based on the US Department of Agriculture's MyPyramid. It lists the main food groups, examples of the recommended daily amount for different ages, as well as suggestions about which foods to choose in each group. The recommended daily amount varies based on your child’s age, weight, sex, and activity level. Use the daily amounts below as a starting guide, then go to the http://www.mypyramid.gov/ website for more individualized recommendations.
Food Group | Daily Amount * | Key Suggestions |
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Grains (1 ounce = 1 slice bread, ¼ bagel, ½ cup cooked pasta or rice, 5 whole-wheat crackers) |
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Vegetables (1 cup = 1 cup raw or cooked vegetables, 2 cups raw leafy vegetables) |
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Fruits (1 cup = 1 cup fresh fruit, 1 cup fruit juice, ½ cup dried fruit) |
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Milk (1 cup = 8 ounces milk or yogurt, 1½ ounces natural cheese) |
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Meats and Beans (1 ounce = 1 ounce meat, fish, or poultry; ¼ cup cooked, dry beans; 1 egg; 1 tablespoon peanut butter; ½ ounce nuts) |
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Oils |
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Fats and Sweets |
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*The daily amounts shown here are for children who are of average weight and height for their age and engage in 30-60 minutes of physical activity every day.
Healthy Eating Ideas
Breakfast
Always start the day off with breakfast. Studies show that kids learn better when fueled with breakfast. Try to include a serving from the grain, milk, and fruit group at each breakfast. Here are some healthy breakfast ideas:
- Whole grain pancakes topped with fresh berries and a glass of milk
- Drinkable yogurt, whole-wheat toast, and fruit slices
- Whole grain cereal, low-fat milk, and a banana
- Oatmeal mixed with raisins and made with milk
- Eggs and cheese on a whole-wheat English muffin and a glass of orange juice
Snacks
Most children need 2-3 snacks a day: a mid-morning snack, an afternoon snack, and perhaps an evening snack. While it may sometimes be necessary to eat snacks on-the-go (eg, in the car or in the stroller), don’t get in the habit of feeding your child snacks throughout the day. And like with meal times, keep the TV off during snack time, this will help your child focus on eating and make him less likely to overeat. Here are some healthy snack ideas:
- Fresh fruit
- Whole grain crackers and sliced cheese
- Plain yogurt topped with fresh berries and/or granola
- Grilled cheese on whole-wheat bread
- Raw vegetables and peanut butter
- Whole grain pretzels
- Bagel pizza
Lunch
Try to include most of the food groups at lunch. If your child is school-aged, pack balanced lunches. To keep lunch interesting for your child (and help you stay organized), get your child’s input and then set up a rotating lunch schedule. That way you will always know what to pack.
If your child buys lunch, make sure he is getting a balanced, healthy meal. The National School Lunch Program is required to provide meals that meet nutritional requirements. In fact, children who participate in the school lunch program tend to eat more vegetables, milk products, and lean proteins, and fewer soft drinks than those who don’t. It is when kids purchase food à la carte that lunches are least likely to be healthy.
Dinner
Ideally, your child should eat dinner with you. Rather than having special meals for your kids, or having your children eat before you, try to eat the same dinner together. Research shows that children who eat dinner with their families tend to have higher quality diets than those who do not. A healthy dinner includes whole grains, vegetables, lean protein, low-fat dairy, and sometimes dessert. Providing fruit for dessert is a good way to get this food group included as well.
Additional Suggestions
On selecting and preparing food:
- Get your children involved with meal planning, shopping, and cooking. The more involved they are, the more likely they are to take an interest in trying the foods that you prepare.
- When shopping for food, focus on the foods located in the perimeter of the grocery store, these tend to be whole foods that are staples in our diet (eg, fruits, vegetables, milk, yogurt, meat and poultry, eggs, seafood, and bread).
- Avoid foods with lots of ingredients that you don’t understand. Focus on those with as few ingredients as possible.
- Cook at home whenever possible. Home-cooked meals tend to be healthier and lower in calories, fat, and salt than restaurant food.
- Know that dessert doesn’t have to be included at every meal and can be something healthy, such as fresh fruit slices, yogurt, or whole-wheat graham crackers.
On helping your child establish a positive relationship with food:
- Don’t push your child to clean her plate—this can encourage overeating.
- Try new foods over and over, but don’t force them.
- It may take 10 times before your child actually decides to try a new food.
- Do not use food as a reward or as a bribe.
On creating good habits that lead to better nutrition:
- Start eating with your child when they are still toddlers. You can benefit from eating small, frequent, healthy meals too!
- So when it’s snack time, sit down and eat with your child. And remember, they will probably want what you are having, so try to make it the same.
- While it may be unrealistic to sit down as a family at dinner every night, make sure it happens at least a few nights during the week.
Other points:
- It is normal for your child to eat more on some days than others. Likewise, don’t worry if your child does not eat a perfectly balanced diet every day, it will even out over the course of the week.
- As your children get older and more independent, you have less control over what they are eating. But, as long as you are doing your part to help them eat a healthy diet, habits will fall into place.
- One of the most important steps you can take in ensuring that your child develops healthy eating habits is being a role model. Kids are quick to pick up on their parents’ behaviors. If you eat in front of the TV, expect that they will want to do the same. If you skip breakfast, they notice. And if you snack on cookies, they will want to, as well.
RESOURCES:
American Dietetic Association
http://www.eatright.org/
MyPyramid—For Kids
United States Department of Agriculture
http://www.mypyramid.gov/kids/index.html/
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Canada's Food Guide
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/
Dietitians of Canada
http://www.dietitians.ca/
References:
Dietary guidelines for Americans 2005. US Department of Agriculture website. Available at: http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2005/document/html/executivesummary.htm . Accessed January 3, 2010.
Dietary guidance for healthy children aged 2-11. American Dietetic Association website. Available at: http://www.eatright.org/ . Accessed January 3, 2010.
MyPyramid website. Available at: http://www.mypyramid.gov . Accessed January 3, 2010.
Shield J, Mullen MC. American Dietetic Association Guide to Healthy Eating for Kids . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2002.
Last reviewed January 2010 by Maria Adams, MS, MPH, RD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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