Rectal Prolapse
(Mucosal Prolapse; Partial Prolapse; Complete Prolapse; Internal Prolapse)
Definition
The rectum is the end section of the large intestine. Prolapse happens when part of the rectum stretches and falls through the anus. This can occur when straining during a bowel movement. If you think you have this condition, call your doctor right away.
Rectal Prolapse
Causes
The rectum is held in place by ligaments and muscles. When these become weak, rectal prolapse occurs.
Risk Factors
These factors increase your chance of rectal prolapse. Talk to your doctor if you or your child has any of these risk factors:
- Age: more common in children aged 1-3 years and in older adults (especially women after menopause)
- For children:
- Cystic fibrosis
- Previous anal surgery
- Malnutrition
- Straining during bowel movements
- Infections
- For adults:
- Straining during bowel movements
- Pregnancy and the stress of childbirth
- Weakness of pelvic floor muscles due to aging
- Hemorrhoids
Symptoms
If you have any of these, do not assume they are due to rectal prolapse. These symptoms may be caused by other conditions. Tell your doctor if you have any of these:
- Fecal incontinence (inability to control bowel movements)
- Bleeding or mucous from the anus
- Constipation
- Feeling of incomplete bowel movements
- Loss of urge to defecate
- Anal pain or itching
- Tissue that sticks out of the anus
- Pain during bowel movements
Diagnosis
Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Tests may include:
- Examination of the anus and rectum
- Defecography—series of x-rays of the rectum and anus taken during a bowel movement
- Anorectal manometry—measures the strength of the anal sphincter muscles, sensation in the rectum, and the reflexes needed for normal bowel movement
- Colonoscopy —visual exam of the rectum and colon (large intestine) using a flexible tube with a tiny camera on the end
Treatment
Prolapse in children tends to go away on its own. In adults, gentle pressure to the rectum can sometimes push the rectum back into place. The sooner the condition is treated, the better the outcome. Talk with your doctor about the best plan for you.
Medicines
Certain medicine may help to reduce pain and straining during bowel movements. Your doctor may recommend stool softeners and bulk agents, such as:
- Sodium docusate (eg, Colace)
- Psyllium (eg, Metamucil, Fiberall)
- Methylcellulose (eg, Citrucel)
Surgery
In some cases, surgery may be needed. Surgeries used to treat rectal prolapse include:
- Laparoscopic rectopexy—A laparoscope (a tiny camera) is placed through a small incision in the abdomen. The rectum is secured in place with stitches.
- Perineal proctectomy—An incision will be made in the rectum. Tissue that is sticking out of the anus is removed.
Prevention
To help reduce your chance of rectal prolapse, take the following steps:
- Eat a healthy diet that is high in fiber .
- Exercise regularly.
- To train your bowels, create a routine. For example, try to go to the bathroom after lunch each day.
- Do not rush when moving your bowels.
- If you feel the urge to defecate, go to the bathroom.
RESOURCES:
American Gastroenterological Association
http://www.gastro.org/
American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons
http://www.fascrs.org/
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Canadian Society of Intestinal Research
http://www.badgut.com/
Health Canada
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/index_e.html/
References:
Constipation. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php. Updated January 30, 2010. Accessed February 1, 2010.
Professional Guide to Diseases. 9th ed. Ambler, PA: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins; 2008:294-295.
Last reviewed February 2010 by Rosalyn Carson-DeWitt, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
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