Drug Interactions: What You Need to Know
You might know that certain prescription medications can interact with each other and cause potentially harmful side effects. But did you know that interactions can occur not only with prescription medications, but also with over-the-counter medications—including herbs and vitamins —and with foods and beverages? Medications can even interact with diseases or conditions you may have. Fortunately, with a little careful planning, you can avoid serious drug interactions.
Types of Drug Interactions
There are three basic types of drug interactions:
Drug-Drug Interactions
These occur when one drug interferes with another drug, affecting how one or both act in the body. These interactions can occur between prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and even herbal or other dietary supplements, including vitamins. For example, vitamin E and aspirin both act to thin the blood. Taking these together could cause excessive bleeding. And combining antidepressants with the pain medicine tramadol could cause seizures .
It's particularly important to remember that herbal products, which many people regard as "natural" alternatives to drugs, still behave like drugs in the body. For example, the herb called St. John’s wort can reduce blood levels when taken with certain medications. Furthermore, if a person is already taking St. John’s wort along with another drug, stopping the herb may cause drug levels to rise, potentially leading to dangerous complications.
Drug-Food Interactions
Drug-food interactions occur when a prescription or over-the-counter medication interacts with food or beverages. For example, taking the antibiotic tetracycline with a glass of milk can lessen the absorption of the antibiotic in the body and thereby lessen its effectiveness. Grapefruit juice can block enzymes that metabolize numerous drugs, including some blood pressure-lowering drugs, the antihistamine terfenadine, and the drug cyclosporine , thereby increasing blood levels of these drugs. Toxicity could result.
Drug-Disease Interactions
These occur when a prescription or over-the-counter medication interacts with a disease or condition. For example, decongestants, such as those found in many over-the-counter cold remedies, can cause an increase in blood pressure, which could be dangerous for people who already have high blood pressure .
Symptoms of Drug Interactions
The most common symptoms of drug interactions tend to be less serious and include the following:
- Nausea
- Headache
- Heartburn
- Dizziness
More serious—but less common—symptoms and results of drug interactions include the following:
- Sharp increase or decrease in blood pressure
- Irregular heartbeat
- Buildup of toxins that could damage vital organs, such as the liver or heart
Consult your doctor or pharmacist if you experience any unusual side effect after taking a medication, no matter how mild or severe.
How to Avoid Drug Interactions
The key to avoiding drug interactions is to become informed about the potential interactions between all the drugs and dietary supplements you take by talking with your doctor and pharmacist.
The experts recommend taking the following steps:
- Read the labels of all over-the-counter and prescription medications and dietary supplements carefully, paying particular attention to the correct dosage and to the potential side effects and interactions associated with the drug or supplement.
- Make sure you understand the benefits as well as the potential risks of any medication you are taking. Look specifically for the section entitled "warnings" on the labels of over-the-counter medications.
- Keep a record of all the medications and supplements you take, and share it with all the doctors and pharmacists involved in your care.
- Talk to your doctor before taking any new medication or supplement.
- Use one pharmacy for all your prescription and over-the-counter medications.
- Ask your pharmacist whether you should take a particular medication with food or on an empty stomach and if there are any foods or beverages that could interact with the drug.
- Report any side effects you experience from any medications to your doctor or pharmacist.
- Take medications only as directed and don't take any medications that were prescribed for someone else.
- Purchase supplements and vitamins from a reputable source.
- Look for a United States Pharmacopeia (USP) notation on the bottle of your supplement. USP is an organization that sets standards for prescription and OTC medications, healthcare products, food ingredients, and supplements.
- Click here to get information about drug interactions and supplements.
RESOURCES:
Pharmacy and You
American Pharmacists Association
http://www.pharmacyandyou.org/
United States Pharmacopeia (USP)
http://www.usp.org/
US Food and Drug Administration
http://www.fda.gov/
CANADIAN RESOURCES:
Health Canada
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/index_e.html/
Medication
Canadian Medical Association
http://www.cma.ca/public/Drugs/Index.asp?lc=2/
References
Food and drug interactions. US Food and Drug Administration website. Available at: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/fdinter.html. Accessed August 19, 2007.
Mallet L, Spinewine A, Huang A. The challenge of managing drug interactions in elderly people. [review]. Lancet. 2007;370:185-191.
Pharmacy and you. American Pharmaceutical Association website. Available at: http://www.pharmacyandyou.org. Accessed August 19, 2007.
Last reviewed January 2009 by Jill D. Landis, MD
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © 2007 EBSCO Publishing All rights reserved.